ad-sum (assum)

1. as-sum (ad-sum), affuī (adfuī), adesse, u. dazu afforem (adforem) = affutūrus (adfutūrus) essem, affore (adfore) = affutūrum esse, anwesend-, zugegen sein, dasein (Ggstz. abesse), zuw. auch herzukommend dasein = erscheinen, sich einstellen, I) im allg.: a) v. Pers.: α) mit dem Körper, absol., ades u. adesdum, sei da = bleib da, Komik. (s. Spengel Ter. Andr. 29): heri, cum non adessetis, Cic.: omnes, qui aderant, alle Anwesenden, Caes.: cum hostes adessent, anrückten, Liv. – m. Ang. wie? assum praesens praesenti tibi, Plaut.: adest praesens vir singulari virtute, M. Bibulus, Cic.: praesto etiam assum, Acc. fr.: sed ubi est frater? Ch. praesto adest, Ter.: fit enim nescio qui, ut quasi coram adesse videare, cum scribo aliquid ad te, Cic.: ibi tum filius cum illis unā aderat frequens, Ter. – m. Ang. wo? sed hic num quis adest? Plaut.: iam ego inibi adero, Pompon. com. fr.: iam hic adero, gleich bin ich wieder da, Ter.: u. so prius ego tuā opinione hic adero, Plaut.: domi assitis facite, Ter.: assum apud te, genitor, Acc. fr.: apud te assum Sosia idem, Plaut.: mane ad portam adesse, Cic.: in tabernaculo, Plaut.: in foro, Liv.: ante oculos, Verg.: portis (Dat.), Verg.: m. Abl. od. Genet. loc., Amphipoli, Brundisi, Liv.; vgl. Weißenb. Liv. 45, 28, 8. – m. Ang. woher? u. auf welchem Wege? hi ex Africa iam affuturi videntur, Cic.: adsum atque advenio Ach-

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eronte vix viā altā atque arduā per speluncas saxis structas, Enn. fr.: Galli per dumos aderant, Verg. – mit Ang. wohin? huc ades, o formose puer, komm hierher, Verg.: quaeritis, quare huc assim, Ov.: primā face cubiculum tuum adero, werde ich in deinem Gemach erscheinen, Apul. met. 2, 10: u. so ibid. 5, 5 in. – β) mit dem Geiste, in der Formel adesse animo od. (v. mehreren) animis, mit dem Geiste zugegen sein, sowohl um gehörig aufzumerken, ades animo, Ter., od. bl. ades, Plaut., gib acht! (s. Brix Plaut. Men. 643): eum non affuisse animo, Cic.: adestote omnes animis, Cic.: adeste aequo animo! schenkt ein geneigtes Gehör! Ter. (s. Spengel Ter. Andr. prol. 24). – als auch um die Geistesgegenwart, den Mut nicht zu verlieren, gefaßt sein, ruhig sein, ades animo et omitte timorem, Scipio, Cic.: quam ob rem adeste animis, iudices, et timorem, si quem habetis, deponite, Cic. – b) v. Lebl., bes. v. körperl., geistigen u. zeitlichen Zuständen u. Verhältnissen, dasein, vorhanden sein, zur Hand sein, zu Gebote stehen, zuw. auch im Anzuge sein, bevorstehen, sich zeigen, frumentum conferri, comportari, adesse dicere, Caes.: largitur in servos, quantum aderat pecuniae, Tac.: ubi vis, dona tibi adsunt a Phaedria, kommen dir, Ter. – tanti aderant vesicae et viscerum (al. torminum) morbi, ut etc., Cic.: etiamsi certa pestis adesset, (se) mansurum potius, quam etc., Sall. – isto

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bono utare, dum adsit, cum absit, ne requiras, Cic.: corpore nihil nisi praesens et quod adest sentire possumus, Cic.: illis robur aetatis affuerat, Tac.: vim affore verbo crediderat, Verg. – assunt multa eius rei exempla, Quint.: adest ingens seditio, ingens certamen, Liv.: si iam adest vitae meae finis, Curt.: adesse supremam horam, Curt.: vesper adest, Catull.: aderat iudicio dies, Liv.: adesse Romanis ultimum diem, Liv.: nunc adest occasio bene facta cumulare, Plaut.: nunc probrum atque partitudo prope adest, ut fiat palam, Plaut.: aderit tempus od. dies, cum etc., es wird die Zeit kommen, wo usw., Acc. tr. u. Komik. (s. Ribbeck Coroll. ad Tragic. Fragm. p. LVIII sq.): u. so bl. prope adest, cum etc., bald kommt die Zeit, wo usw., Komik. (s. Spengel Ter. Andr. 152).

II) in bestimmter Absicht dasein, erscheinen, zugegen sein, auf dem Platze sein, bei der Hand sein, nahe sein u. in bestimmter Absicht erscheinen, sich einstellen, a) übh.: α) v. Menschen: primum me ipsum vigilare, adesse, Cic.: ipse dux hostium suis aderat atque eos hortabatur, Caes. – m. Ang. wo? od. wobei? oft zugl. m. Ang. als wer? durch Adjj. od. Substst., Caesar ubique aderat, Vell.: nunc ultro ad cineres et ossa parentis assumus, Verg.: in agmine modo in primis modo in postremis aderat, Sall.: in operibus, in agmine atque ad vigilias multus (fleißig) adesse, Sall.: egomet in agmine, in proelio consultor

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idem et socius periculi vobiscum adero, Sall.: in eo cornu non Poetelius solus, sed Sulpicius etiam hortator affuerat, Liv. (vgl. suus cuique animus memor ignominiae adhortator aderat, Liv.). – u. (als Feind) m. Angabe gegen wen? adversus hostes, Sall.: in semisomnos barbaros, Tac. – m. Ang. wie gestimmt? durch Adjj., iam omnes feroces aderant, Sall.: Numidae infensi adesse atque instare, Sall.: Masinissa dies noctesque infestus aderat, Liv. – m. Ang. des Zweckes wozu? durch ad m. Akk., nunc ades ad parendum vel ad imperandum potius, stell dich, um Order zu parieren oder vielmehr um Order zu erhalten, Cic.: adsint tempori (zur rechten Zeit) ad metendum, Gell.: adesse ad magnitudinem beneficiorum, zum Empfang so großer Wohltaten gleich bei der Hand sein, Tac. – od. durch Infin., non Teucros delere aderam, Sil. 9, 532. – u. unpers. (vgl. πάρεστί μοι), aderit cognoscere, man wird erkennen können, Avien. progn. 80. – β) v. der Gottheit, adsis placidusque iuves, Verg.: m. Ang. wie? als wer? adsis favens, Verg.: sui sceleris ultores adesse deos, Curt. – m. Ang. wem? durch Dat., origini Romanae, rebus Romanis, sich gnädig zeigen, förderlich sein, unser »sein mit« usw., Liv.: querelis nostris, armis (nostris), unserer Kl., unserer W. sich annehmen, Liv.: si fortuna coeptis affuerit, hold ist, Tac.: fortunam et deos et numen Othonis adesse consiliis, adfore conatibus testabantur, Tac. – b)

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als Teilnehmer, Zeuge, Zuschauer zugegen sein, erscheinen, einer Sache beiwohnen, an etw. teilnehmen, bei etw. mitwirken, m. Ang. wo? od. wobei? ad suffragium, Cic.: in senatu, Cic.: in hac re, Ter.: in magnis rebus, Nep.: in pariundo, Ter. Andr. 771: durch Dat., comitiis, Cic.: pugnae, Liv.: omnibus periculis, Nep.: colloquio, Lic.: convivio, spectaculo, Suet.: eorum recitationibus, Plin. ep.: cur istuc vadimonio assum? Nov. fr. – absol., is dies, quo me adesse iusserat, Cic.: quasi nusquam adfueris (verst. in pariundo), Tert.: nec adfuisse usque Philippum, Curt.: ut paene liberum sit senatori non adesse, zu kommen und nicht zu kommen, Cic.: ille nec iratos sensit adesse deos, Ov. – u. in der publiz. Formel adesse scribendo senatus consulto od. decreto, bei Abfassung eines Senatsbeschlusses zugegen sein, Cic.: u. bl. adesse scribendo, SC. b. Cic. – c) als Berater, als Beistand einer Pers. od. Sache zur Seite stehen, beistehen, jmds. od. einer Sache sich annehmen (Ggstz. abesse, deesse, s. Oudend. Schol. ad Cic. ep. p. 66), semper absenti Deiotaro, Cic.: alcis rebus, Cic.: intercessioni, Liv.: ego apud consulem deprecator defensorque vobis adero, Liv.: alci (einem Richter od. Fürsten) adesse in consilio, Cic. u. Nep. – So namentl. v. Rechtsbeistande, als Verteidiger, Vertreter erscheinen, sich jmds. od. einer Sache als Vertreter annehmen, jmd. od. eine Sache vertreten, ius qui

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profitebitur, adsit, Ov.: volo ego adesse hic advocatos nobis in turba hac, Ter.: u. so adesse Quinctio, amicis, Cic.: partibus, Plin. ep.: tali causae, Quint.: ei sententiae, Plin. – m. Ang. wozu? durch ad m. Akk., ad hanc rem, Ter.: ad defendendam causam, Ter.: ad rem agendam, Cael. fr. b. Quint. – m. Ang. wo? durch in m. Abl., in iudicio, Cic.: in foro, Liv. – m. Ang. in welcher Sache? durch in m. Abl., in hac causa, Cic.: u. (bildl.) in sua causa omnium libertati, Liv. – m. Ang. gegen wen? contra Satrium, Cic.: adversus privatum intemperantius, Suet. – d) als Angeklagter od. Ankläger vor Gericht erscheinen, α) als Angeklagter, sich stellen, adesse iuberi, Cic.: Amphipoli (zu A.) adesse iuberi, Liv.: u. alqm Amphipoli adesse iubere, Liv.: adesse ad iudicium, Cic. – β) als Ankläger, adesse in iudicio, Cic. Verr. 4, 113 (vgl. no. c): citatus accusator M. Pacilius nescio quo casu non respondit, non adfuit, Cic. Verr. 2, 98. – ⇒ Archaist. Konj. Präs. adsiem, Verg. catal. 5, 6: adsies, Prud. perist. 2, 569: adsiet, Plaut. asin. 415; Pseud. 924 u. 1114. Ter. adelph. 619. Cato r. r. 141, 4: adsient, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 198, 32. Ter. Phorm. 313. – arch. Konj. Imperf. adesent = adessent, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 196, 6. – arch. Fut. adessint = aderunt, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 198, 63. – arch. Perf. arfuerunt = adfuerunt, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 196, 2. – archaist. Infin. Perf. arfuisse (= adfuisse), SC. de Bacch. im

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Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 196. lin. 21.

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2. assum, ī, n., s. assusa, um.

1)

а) быть, находиться (где-л., при чём-л.), присутствовать ( alicui rei)

б) появляться, приходить

2) иметься в наличии, быть под рукой

3) ( о времени) наступать

4) помогать, содействовать, защищать (alicui in consilio C; coeptis ingentibus V)

[V]

ADSUM (ADESSE ADFUI)

PATROCINOR (-ARI -ATUS SUM)

ASSUM (ADESSE AFFUI)

FAVEO (-ERE FAVI FAUTUM)

STUDEO (-ERE -UI)

CUSTODIO (-IRE -IVI -ITUM)

CONCUSTODIO (-IRE -IVI -ITUM)

ad-sum (Ribbeck has written assum in Novius by conj. from suum of the MSS., Com. Trag. p. 262; in Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 67, adsum must be pronounced assum, as the pun on the word requires, Roby, I. p. 49), adfui (affui, Merkel, L. Müller), adesse, v. n. (arfui = adfui, S. C. de Bacch.; arf = adfuerunt, ib.; arfuise = adfuisse, ib.; v. ad init.;

adsiem = adsim,

Verg. Cat. 5, 6 ( dicam, Rib.):

adsiet,

Cato, R. R. 141, 4; Plaut. As. 2, 4, 9; Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 11:

adsient,

id. Phorm. 2, 18, 3: adfore now and then takes the place of adfuturus esse, and adforem of adessem, which is written with one s, adesent, in S. C. de Bacch.), to be at or near a person or place, to be somewhere, to be present (opp. absum, to be distant, removed, absent).

Lit.

Absol.: visus Homerus adesse poëta, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51 (Ann. v. 6 Vahl.), imitated by Verg. A. 2, 271, and Ov. M. 7, 635; v. below: Hegio adsum;

si quid me vis, impera,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 3, 1; so id. Truc. 2, 6, 33; 4, 3, 52:

quasi adfuerim simulabo,

id. Am. 1, 1, 45. —

With adv. or adj.:

etsi abest, hic adesse erum Arbitror,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 11:

Philolaches jam hic aderit,

id. Most. 5, 1, 29; and id. Ps. 1, 2, 48:

quod adest praesto,

Lucr. 5, 1412:

ut quasi coram adesse videare, cum scribo aliquid ad te,

Cic. Fam. 15, 16; id. Att. 5, 18, 3; Verg. A. 1, 595:

non quia ades praesens dico hoc,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 39.—

With prepp.:

ad exercitum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6:

in tabernaculo,

id. ib. 1, 1, 269:

adsum apud te,

id. Poen. 1, 2, 67:

mulier ad eam rem divinam ne adsit,

Cato, R. R. 83:

ad portam,

Cic. Div. 1, 27, 57:

ante oculos maestissimus Hector Visus adesse mihi,

Verg. A. 2, 271:

ante oculos eadem mihi quercus adesse... visa est,

Ov. M. 7, 635. —

With dat.:

adsum praesens praesenti tibi,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 1, 27:

DVM. NE. MINVS. SENATORIBVS. C. ADESENT. S. C. de Bacch. (see Append. to this dictionary): portis,

Verg. A. 2, 330:

senatui,

Tac. A. 4, 55:

convivio,

Suet. Tib. 61 fin.:

quaestioni,

id. ib. 62: pugnae. id. Oth. 9.

Trop.

Of time, to be present, be at hand:

dum tempestates adsunt,

Lucr. 1, 178:

Vesper adest,

Cat. 62, 1:

jamque dies aderit,

Ov. M. 3, 519; 9, 285; 12, 150:

aderat judicio dies,

Liv. 3, 12:

cum jam partus adesset,

Ov. M. 9, 674.—

Of other abstr. things, to be present, to be at hand (incorrectly made syn. with the simple esse).

Absol.:

nunc adest occasio benefacta cumulare,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63:

ad narrandum argumentum adest benignitas,

id. Men. prol. 16:

omnia adsunt bona, quem penes est virtus,

id. Am. 2, 2, 21:

ut tranquillitas animi et securitas adsit,

Cic. Off. 1, 20:

tanti aderant morbi vesicae et viscerum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30.—

With dat.:

hominum quīs pudor paulum adest,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 6:

vigilantibus hinc aderant solacia somni,

Lucr. 5, 1405:

vis ad resistendum nulli aderat,

Vell. 2, 61; 2, 21:

vim adfore verbo Crediderat,

Verg. A. 10, 547:

tantus decor adfuit arti,

Ov. M. 6, 18:

simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis,

id. ib. 5, 400:

quantus adest equis Sudor,

Hor. C. 1, 15, 9:

uti mox Nulla fides damnis adsit,

id. Ep. 1, 17, 57:

quousque patieris, Caesar, non adesse caput reipublicae?

to be in his place, to be present, Tac. A. 1, 13 et saep.—

Animo or animis, to be present in mind, with attention, interest, sympathy; also, with courage (cf. animus); to give attention to something, to give heed, observe, attend to; also, to be fearless, be of good courage:

ut intellegeretis eum non adfuisse animo, oum ab illis causa ageretur,

Cic. Caecin. 10 fin.:

adestote omnes animis, qui adestis corporibus,

id. Sull. 11, 33; id. Phil. 8, 10, 30 (cf. Ter. And. prol. 24, and Phorm. prol. 30: adeste aequo animo): [p. 46] quam ob rem adeste animis, judices, et timorem, si quem habetis, deponite, Cic. Mil. 2, 4:

ades animo et omitte timorem,

id. Rep. 6, 10 fin. —

Poet., to be present with one, to be associated with, to attend:

Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta Triumphum Vox canet,

Ov. M. 1, 560;

of the cypress: aderis dolentibus,

id. ib. 10, 142. —

To be present with one's aid or support; to stand by, to assist, aid, help, protect, defend, sustain (esp. freq. of advocati; cf.

absum): ibo ad forum atque aliquot mihi amicos advocabo, ad hanc rem qui adsient,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 82; id. Eun. 4, 6, 26:

omnes enim hi, quos videtis adesse in hac causa, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29; id. Sull. 29; id. Phil. 2, 37, 95; Quint. 1, 4; 8, 30 et saep.:

ego tamen tuis rebus sic adero ut difficillimis,

Cic. Fam. 6, 14 fin.; so id. Att. 1, 1:

Camulogenus suis aderat atque eos cohortabatur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 62:

dictator intercessioni adero,

Liv. 6, 38:

cui sententiae adest Dicaearchus,

Plin. 2, 65, 65:

Aderam Arrionillae, Timonis uxori,

Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 5; 2, 11, 2:

quod ille adversus privatum se intemperantius adfuisset,

had taken part, Suet. Claud. 38 Bremi.—With inf.:

non Teucros delere aderam,

Sil. 9, 532;

so of a protecting, aiding divinity, esp. in invocations, adsis, adsit, etc.: adsis, o Tegeaee, favens,

Verg. G. 1, 18; id. A. 4, 578:

adsis, o Cytherea,

id. Cat. 6, 11:

ades, Dea, muneris auctor,

Ov. M. 10, 673; so,

Huc ades,

Tib. 1, 7, 49:

di omnes nemorum, adeste,

Ov. M. 7, 198:

nostris querelis adsint (dii),

Liv. 3, 25:

frugumque aderit mea Delia custos,

Tib. 1, 5, 21:

si vocata partubus Lucina veris adfuit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 6:

origini Romanae et deos adfuisse et non defuturam virtutem,

Liv. 1, 9; 5, 51 al.— To be present as a witness:

(testes) adsunt cum adversariis,

Cic. Fl. 23;

promissi testis adesto,

Ov. M. 2, 45; hence the t. t. scribendo adesse, to be present as a witness to some writing or contract (usually placed at the beginning of the writing), S. C. de Bacch. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 5 and 6 al.—

Involving the idea of motion, to come, to appear (most freq. in post-Aug. prose): adsum atque advenio Acherunte, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37;

jam ego hic adero,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 7; Ter. And. 4, 2, 32; id. Heaut. 3, 1, 96; id. Eun. 4, 7, 41:

hi ex Africa jam adfuturi videntur,

Cic. Att. 11, 15:

Hymen ades o Hymenaee,

Cat. 62, 5:

Galli per dumos aderant,

Verg. A. 8, 657; 11, 100:

huc ades, o formose puer,

id. E. 2, 45; 7, 9; Ov. M. 8, 598; 2, 513 (cf. also adesdum):

ecce Arcas adest,

appears, is arrived, id. ib. 2, 497; so 3, 102; 528; 4, 692; 5, 46; 8, 418; 9, 200, 304, 363, 760; 11, 349; 12, 341;

13, 73, 82, 662, 906: adfore tempus, quo, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 256;

cum hostes adessent, i. e. appropinquarent,

Liv. 2, 10:

truci clamore aderant semisomnos in barbaros,

Tac. A. 4, 25:

infensi adesse et instare,

Sall. J. 50:

quod serius adfuisset,

Suet. Aug. 94 al. —In App. with acc.:

cubiculum adero, Met. 2, p. 119 Elm.: scopulum aderunt,

ib. 5, p. 160.—

As judicial t. t., to appear before a tribunal:

C. Verrem altera actione responsurum non esse, neque ad judicium adfuturum... quod iste certe statuerat non adesse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 1:

augures adsunt,

id. Dom. 34:

augurem adesse jusserunt,

Vell. 2, 10; cf. Brisson. de Form. V. p. 446.—

Of the senate, to attend, to convene:

edixit ut adesset senatus frequens a. d. viii. Kal. Decembris,

Cic. Phil. 3, 19:

ne sine causa videretur edixisse, ut senatus adcsset,

id. ib. 24.

[V]

INTERSUM (-ESSE -FUI)

ASSUM (ADESSE AFFUI)

ADSUM (ADESSE ADFUI)

CELEBRO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

ASSIDEO (-ERE -SEDI -SESSUM)

ADSIDEO (-ERE -SEDI -SESSUM)

COMITO (-ARE)

COMITOR (-ARI -ATUS SUM)

DEDUCO (-ERE -DUXI -DUCTUM)

SEQUOR (SEQUI SECUTUS SUM)

PROSEQUOR (-SEQUI -SECUTUS SUM)

APPAREO (-ERE -PARUI -PARITUM)

MINISTRO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

ADMINISTRO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

PRAEMINISTRO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

OBCURRO (-ERE -CURRI -CURSUM)

OCCURRO (-ERE -CURRI -CURSUM)

OBTEMPERO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

OPTEMPERO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

CALCO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

EXCOLO (-ERE -COLUI -CULTUM)

CIRCUMCTIPO (-ARE -AVI -ATUS)

CONCOMITOR (-ARI -ATUS SUM)

sā̆crāmentum, i, n. [sacro].

In good class. Lat., a jurid. and milit. t. t.

Jurid. t. t., the sum which the two parties to a suit at first deposited, but afterwards became bound for, with the tresviri capitales; so called because the sum deposited by the losing party was used for religious purposes, esp. for the sacra publica; v. Fest. p. 344 Müll.; or, perh. more correctly, because the money was deposited in a sacred place; v. the foll. passage of Varro and Müller's note. (Another reason is given in Isid. Orig. 5, 24 fin.: sacramentum est pignus sponsionis; vocatum autem sacramentum, quia violare, quod quisque promittit, perfidia est): ea pecunia, quae in judicium venit in litibus, sacramentum a sacro. Qui petebat et qui infitiabatur, de aliis rebus utrique quingenos aeris ad pontem deponebant, de aliis rebus item certo alio legitimo numero assum;

qui judicio vicerat, suom sacramentum e sacro auferebat, victi ad aerarium redibat,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 180 Müll. N. cr.: qui prior vindicaverat, dicebat: quando tu injuria vindicavisti, de aeris sacramento te provoco; adversarius quoque dicebat: similiter ego te;

seu L. asses sacramenti nominabant... Postea praedes Praetor ab utroque accipiebat sacramenti, quod id in publicum cedebat,

Gai. Inst. 4, 16; cf. id. ib. 4, 16, § 13 sq.;

95: sacramenti autem nomine id aes dici coeptum est quod et propter aerarii inopiam et sacrorum publicorum multitudinem consumebatur id in rebus divinis,

Fest. p. 344 Müll.: cum in rem aliquam agerent litigatores et poena se sacramenti peterent, poscebant judicem, qui dabatur post trigesimum diem, Pseudo-Ascon. ad. Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26 (p. 164 Orell.):

de multae sacramento consules comitiis centuriatis tulerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 35, 60.—

Meton., a cause, a civil suit or process:

decemviri re quaesitā et deliberatā sacramentum nostrum justum judicaverunt,

Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; cf.

transf. in gen.: homines graves, quibuscum tibi justo sacramento contendere, non liceret,

on equal terms, with a fair chance of success, id. de Or. 1, 10, 42: cetera... entechna et arguta adparebunt, ut sacramento contendas mea non esse, lay a wager, i. e. confidently assert, id. Fam. 7, 32, 2:

injustis vindiciis ac sacramentis ali enos fundos petere,

id. Mil. 27, 74: si Xviri [p. 1612] sacramentum in libertatem injustum judicassent, id. Dom. 29, 78.—

Milit. t. t. (cf. infra, 2, the passage from Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36), orig. the preliminary engagement entered into by newly-enlisted troops (this was followed by the proper military oath, jusjurandum, which was at first voluntary, but, after the second Punic war, was demanded by the military tribune): milites tum (i.e. 538 A.U.C.), quod numquam antea factum erat, jurejurando ab tribunis militum adacti milites [jussu consulis conventuros]: nam ad eam diem nihil praeter sacramentum fuerat;

et, ubi ad decuriatum aut centuriatum convenissent, suā voluntate ipsi inter sese decuriati equites, centuriati pedites conjurabant, sese fugae atque formidinis ergo non abituros neque ex ordine recessuros, nisi, etc.... Id ex voluntario inter ipsos foedere ad tribunos ac legitimam juris jurandi adactionem translatum,

Liv. 22, 38, 2 seq. Weissenb. ad loc.; cf. Front. Strat. 4, 1, 4; and v. Becker, Antiq. 3, 2, p. 292 sq.—Hence, since that time,

For jusjurandum, the military oath of allegiance (very freq. and class.):

milites Domitianos sacramentum apud se dicere jubet,

to take the oath of allegiance, Caes. B. C. 1, 23; so,

sacramentum dicere,

id. ib. 1, 86 fin.:

quos consulis sacramento rogavisset,

id. B. G. 6, 1:

sacramentum dicere alicui,

Tac. A. 1, 28; and in a like signif. in Livy: sacramento (abl.) dicere, Liv. 2, 24 fin.; 4, 53; 25, 5; 41, 5 fin.:

sacramento dicere alicui,

id. 24, 8: ut omnes minores quinquaginta annis sacramento (abl.) rogaret, should administer the oath of allegiance to them, swear them in, id. 40, 26; so,

rogare (aliquos) sacramento,

id. 32, 26; 35, 2; Quint. 12, 2, 26;

in a like sense: adigere sacramento aliquos,

Liv. 4, 5; 7, 11; 9, 29; Tac. A. 1, 37; id. H. 1, 55:

adigere aliquos sacramento Othonis,

id. ib. 1, 76:

Vitellii,

id. ib. 2, 55:

Vespasiani,

id. ib. 2, 79:

adigere aliquos sacramento in nomen senatūs,

Suet. Galb. 16:

sacramento aliquem tenere... sacramento tenere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32; cf.:

secundo eum obliget militiae sacramento, quia, priore amisso, jure cum hostibus pugnare non poterat,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (in which passage the primary jurid. signif. is alluded to):

ex quibus (legionibus) aetate aut valetudine fessi sacramento solvebantur,

Tac. A. 16, 13 fin.:

legionibus, quae sacramentum mutaverant, in paenitentiam conversis,

i. e. had revolted, Suet. Claud. 13; cf.:

paenitentia mutati sacramenti,

id. Galb. 10:

alicujus sacramentum exuere,

Tac. H. 3, 42:

hoc sacramento (viz. in the service of Bacchus) initiatos juvenes milites faciendos censetis?

Liv. 39, 15.—

Transf., in gen., an oath, a solemn obligation or engagement (mostly post-Aug.):

ut sacramento contendas mea non esse,

Cic. Fam. 7, 32, 2:

non ego perfidum Dixi sacramentum: ibimus, ibimus, etc.,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 10:

in verba Eumolpi sacramentum juravimus,

Petr. 117, 5:

amicitiae sacramentum delevi,

id. 80, 4:

sacramento quodam nexi,

Just. 20, 4, 14:

se sacramento obstringere, ne, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 10, 96 (97), 7:

si quod inesset mutis animalibus tacitum ac naturale sacramentum,

App. M. 3, p. 140, 31.—

In eccl. and late Lat., something to be kept sacred.

A secret:

sacramentum regis abscondere,

Vulg. Tob. 12, 7.—

The gospel revelation: nolite verba, cum sacramentum meum Erit canendum, providenter quaerere, Prud. steph. 10,15.—

A mystery:

sacramentum stellarum,

Vulg. Apoc. 1, 20:

pietatis,

id. 1 Tim. 3, 16; Lact. 7, 24; Aug. de Agone Christi, 24.—

A sacrament:

signa, cum ad res divinas pertinent, sacramenta appellantur,

Aug. Ep. 138:

baptismi,

id. Doctr. Christ. 3, 13:

sanguinis Christi,

id. Ep. ad Bonif. 98, 9:

(matrimonii),

Vulg. Eph. 5, 32.—

The office of the ministry:

Athanasium episcopum... coctus in unum quaesitus (synodus ut appellant) removit a sacramento quod obtinebat,

Amm. 15, 7, 7.

ad-sum, s. assum.

prae-sum, fūi, esse, v. n., to be before a thing; hence, to be set over, to preside or rule over, to have the charge or command of, to superintend (class.).

With dat.:

omnibus Druidibus praeest unus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 12:

qui oppido praeerat,

id. ib. 2, 6:

regionibus,

id. ib. 5, 22:

provinciae,

Sall. C. 42, 3:

censor factus, severe praefuit ei potestati,

Nep. Cat. 2, 3:

classi,

to have the command of the fleet, Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

exercitui,

id. ib. 3, 57:

alicui negotio,

to have charge of it, to carry it on, id. ib. 3, 61:

ei studio,

Cic. de Or. 1, 55, 235:

artificio,

id. Fin. 4, 27, 76:

vigiliis,

to superintend, Sall. C. 30, 6:

regiis opibus,

Nep. Con. 4, 3:

rebus regiis,

id. Phoc. 3, 4:

statuis faciendis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 144:

aedibus, i. e. aedilem esse,

Dig. 1, 2, 2: mercimoniis, Cod. 5, 5, 7.—

Absol.:

praeesse in provinciā,

to be governor, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 77, § 180.—

Transf.

To be the chief person, to take the lead in any thing:

non enim paruit ille Ti. Gracchi temeritati, sed praefuit,

Cic. Lael. 11, 37:

qui non solum interfuit his rebus, sed etiam praefuit,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 1:

illi crudelitati non solum praeesse, verum etiam interesse,

id. Att. 9, 6, 7.—

To protect, defend ( poet.):

stant quoque pro nobis, et praesunt moenibus Urbis,

Ov. F. 5, 135.—Hence, praesens, entis ( abl. sing. of persons usually praesente; of things, praesenti), adj.

That is before one, in sight or at hand, present, in person (rarely of the immediate presence of the speaker or writer, for which the proper case of hic is used; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 908, and v. infra):

assum praesens praesenti tibi,

I am with you, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 27: non quia ades praesens, dico hoc, because you happen to be present, Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 39:

quo praesente,

in whose presence, Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 112:

quod adest quodque praesens est,

id. Off. 1, 4, 11; so,

nihil nisi praesens et quod adest,

id. Fin. 1, 17, 55:

vivi atque praesentes,

id. Off. 1, 44, 156:

praesens tecum egi,

myself, in person, id. Fam. 2, 7, 4:

perinde ac si ipse interfuerit, et praesens viderit,

id. Inv. 1, 54, 104:

praesens sermo,

communication by word of mouth, id. Q. Fr. 2, 8, 1:

praesens in praesentem multa dixerat,

id. Att. 11, 12, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 34: praesente for praesentibus (ante-class.): praesente amicis, Pompon. ap. Don. ad Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7; so, testibus, id. ap. Non. 154, 17:

his,

Att. ib. 154, 19:

suis,

Fenest. ib. 154, 20:

omnibus,

Nov. ib. 154, 23: legatis, Varr. ap. Don. Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7: nobis, Ter. ib.—

Esp., of time:

narratio praeteritarum rerum aut praesentium,

Cic. Part. Or. 4, 13:

non solum inopia praesentis, sed etiam futuri temporis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 52 init.:

praesens tempus futuri metu perdere,

Sen. Ep. 24, 1:

tempus enim tribus partibus constat, praeterito, praesente, futuro,

id. ib. 124, 17.—Esp. in opp. to other times referred to:

quanta tempestas invidiae nobis si minus in praesens tempus... at in posteritatem impendeat,

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22:

et reliqui temporis recuperandi ratio, et praesentis tuendi,

id. Att. 8, 9, 3:

et consiliorum superiorum conscientiā et praesentis temporis moderatione me consoler,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 6; id. Fl. 1, 3.—Very rarely alone, of the times of the writer or speaker. as opp. to the times of which he speaks:

quod pietas principis nostri praesentium quoque temporum decus fecit,

Quint. 3, 7, 9:

vive moribus praeteritis, loquere verbis praesentibus,

now in use, Gell. 1, 10, 4.—Also of a time spoken of, present to the mind, existing:

movit Scipionem cum fortuna pristina viri, praesenti fortunae conlata,

Liv. 30, 13, 8:

populo erat persuasum, et adversas superiores et praesentes secundas res accidisse, etc.,

Nep. Alcib. 6, 2:

praetor factus non solum praesenti bello,

id. Them. 2, 1:

et praesens aetas et posteritas deinde mirata est,

Curt. 9, 10, 28:

praesentem saevitiam melioris olim fortunae recordatione allevabant,

Tac. A. 14, 63: in praesens tempus, and more freq. absol., in praesens, for the present:

pleraque differat, et praesens in tempus omittat,

Hor. A. P. 44; so (opp. in posteritatem) Cic. Cat 1, 9, 22:

si fortuna in praesens deseruit,

Tac. H. 4, 58; cf.:

laetus in praesens animus,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 25: ad praesens tempus, or simply ad praesens, for the present:

Harpagus ad praesens tempus dissimulato dolore,

for the moment, Just. 1, 5, 7:

quod factum aspere acceptum ad praesens, mox, etc.,

at the time, Tac. A. 4, 31; 40:

munimentum ad praesens, in posterum ultionem,

id. H. 1, 44; Suet. Tit. 6:

vocem adimere ad praesens,

for a short time, Plin. 8, 22, 34, § 80: praesenti tempore and in praesenti, at present, now:

praesenti tempore,

Ov. F. 3, 478:

haec ad te in praesenti scripsi, ut speres,

Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 4:

in praesenti,

Nep. Att. 12, 5; Liv. 34, 35, 11.—Prov.: praesenti fortuna pejor est futuri metus, Ps.-Quint. Decl. 12, 15.— Subst.: praesentĭa, ĭum, n., present circumstances, the present state of affairs:

cum hortatur ferenda esse praesentia,

Suet. Aug. 87:

praesentia sequi,

Tac. H. 4, 59:

ex praeteritis enim aestimari solent praesentia,

Quint. 5, 10, 28:

sed penitus haerens amor fastidio praesentium accensus est,

Curt. 8, 3, 6.—Esp., in phrase in praesentia (sc. tempora), for the present, at this time, under present circumstances:

hoc video in praesentia opus esse,

Cic. Att. 15, 20, 4:

providere quid oneris in praesentia tollant,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 1:

quae in praesentia in mentem mihi venerunt,

id. Fam. 4, 5, 1; id. Fin. 5, 8, 21; Liv. 31, 22, 8; 33, 27, 10; 33, 28, 6; Tac. Agr. 31; 39; Suet. Tib. 22; id. Claud. 4; Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 14; Plin. 12, 3, 7, § 14.—Very rarely in praesentia, at hand, on hand, on the spot:

id quod in praesentia vestimentorum fuit, arripuit,

Nep. Alcib. 10, 5; cf.: in re praesenti, infra: in rem praesentem venire, to go to the place itself, go to the very spot, for the sake of a closer examination, Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 250:

in rem praesentem venias oportet, quia homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt,

Sen. Ep. 6, 5: in rem praesentem perducere audientes, to transport one's hearers to the very spot, Quint. 4, 2, 123: in re praesenti, in the place itself, on the spot:

in re praesenti, ex copiā piscariā consulere, quid emam, aequom est,

when I am on the spot, Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 65; Liv. 40, 9:

eodem anno inter populum Carthaginiensem et regem Masinissam in re praesenti disceptatores Romani de agro fuerunt,

id. 40, 17; Quint. 6, 2, 31:

praesenti bello,

while war is raging, Nep. Them. 2, 1; so sup.:

quod praesentissimis quibusque periculis desit,

Quint. 10, 7, 1; and comp.:

jam praesentior res erat,

Liv. 2, 36, 5.—

That happens or is done immediately, immediate, instant, prompt, ready, direct:

praesens poena sit,

the punishment might be instant, Cic. Div. 2, 59, 122:

preces,

immediate, not delayed, Prop. 2, 23, 64 (3, 28, 12):

mercari praesenti pecuniā,

with ready money, cash, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 8; Cic. Clu. 12, 34:

numerare praesentes denarios ducentos,

Petr. 109:

nummi,

id. 137:

supplicium,

instant execution, Tac. A. 1, 38:

Maelium praesenti morte multavit,

Flor. 1, 26:

praesens debitum,

Dig. 12, 1, 9; 20, 1, 13: praesenti die dari, in ready money:

quoties in obligationibus dies non ponitur, praesenti die pecunia debetur,

ib. 45, 1, 41:

libertatem aut praesenti die, aut sub condicione dare,

ib. 28, 7, 22.—Hence, adv.: prae-sens (opp. in diem), forthwith, immediately:

si, cum in diem mihi deberetur, fraudator praesens solverit,

in ready money, in cash, Dig. 42, 9, 10:

quod vel praesens vel ex die dari potest,

ib. 7, 1, 4.—

That operates immediately or quickly, instant, prompt, efficacious, powerful (i. q. valens):

praesens auxilium oblatum est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 49, § 107:

non ulla magis praesens fortuna laborum est,

no more effective cure for their troubles, Verg. G. 3, 452:

quo non praesentius ullum, Pocula si quando saevae infecere novercae,

id. ib. 2, 127:

si quid praesentius audes,

more effective, bolder, id. A. 12, 152:

praesentissimum remedium,

Col. 6, 14; Plin. 28, 5, 14, § 53.—With objectclause:

o diva... Praesens vel imo tollere de gradu Mortale corpus, vel, etc.,

mighty, able, Hor. C. 1, 35, 2.—

Of disposition or character, present, collected, resolute:

animo virili praesentique ut sis, para,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 64:

si cui virtus animusque in pectore praesens,

Verg. A. 5, 363:

animus acer et praesens,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 84:

non plures, sed etiam praesentioribus animis,

Liv. 31, 46:

praesentissimo animo pugnare, Auct. B. Alex. 40: Crassus, ut praesens ingenio semper respondit,

Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 4.—

Present, aiding, favoring, propitious:

Hercules tantus, et tam praesens habetur deus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 28; id. N. D. 2, 2, 6; 3, 5, 11:

deus,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 31; cf.:

tu dea, tu praesens, nostro succurre labori,

Verg. A. 9, 404:

modo diva triformis Adjuvet, et praesens ingentibus adnuat ausis,

Ov. M. 7, 178.— Comp.:

nihil illo (praesagio) praesentius,

Flor. 4, 7, 9.—

Appropriate, pertinent, timely:

praesens hic quidemst apologus,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 38; cf.:

en hercle praesens somnium,

id. Mil. 2, 4, 41.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

vix, adv. [etym. dub.; perh. from root vic- of vinco], with difficulty, with much ado, hardly, scarcely, barely.

In gen.: quid est, sine his cur vivere velimus? mihi vero cum his ipsis vix;

his autem detractis ne vix quidem,

Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 2:

quae vix aut ne vix quidem adpareant,

id. Fin. 4, 13, 32:

ut vix aut omnino non posset... infirmari sua lex,

id. Att. 3, 23, 2; cf.:

profluens amnis aut vix aut nullo modo, conclusa autem aqua facile corrumpitur,

id. N. D. 2, 7, 20:

vix incedo inanis, ne, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174:

vix sum compos animi,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 12:

vix me contineo, quin involem, etc.,

id. Eun. 5, 2, 20: Thr. Hic sunt tres minae. Gn. Vix, id. ib. 3, 2, 19:

vix in ipsis tectis frigus vitatur,

Cic. Fam. 16, 8, 2:

ego teneo ab accusando vix me hercule: sed tamen teneo,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 2, 2:

Gabinius collegit ipse se vix, sed collegit tamen,

id. Pis. 12, 27:

iter angustum et difficile, vix quā singuli carri ducerentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

brevi spatio interjecto, vix ut his rebus... administrandis tempus daretur,

id. ib. 3, 4; cf.:

adeo, ut vix ulla possit causa reperiri, Quint. Inst. prooem. § 12: ex hominum milibus LX. vix ad D. sese redactos esse dixerunt,

to scarcely five hundred, Caes. B. G. 2, 28: carcer vix carcere dignus, Lucil. ap. Don. Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 19 et saep.:

ego vix teneor, quin accurram,

Cic. Fam. 16, 24, 2:

vix est, ut id obtineat,

Dig. 41, 1, 7, § 7; so ib. 16, 1, 19 init. —

Strengthened,

By aegre:

vix aegreque amatorculos invenimus,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 27:

vix et aegre,

App. M. 1, p. 111, 10:

vix et aegerrime,

id. ib. 1, p. 108, 40; v. aegre.—

By saltem:

illud vix saltem praecipiendum videtur,

Quint. 6, 4, 15.—

By repetition:

corpus matri vix vixque remissum,

Albin. 1, 167.—

In partic., of time, hardly, scarcely.

Absol.: assum atque advenio Acherunte vix via alta atque ardua, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37 (Trag. Rel. p. 208 Rib.):

ah, vix tandem sensi stolidus!

Ter. And. 3, 1, 12:

vix tandem legi litteras,

Cic. Fam. 3, 9, 1; Cat. 62, 2:

contingat vix deinde mori,

Val. Fl. 7, 537.—

With a foll. cum, and poet. also et, to denote the immediate succession of two events.

With cum:

vix agmen novissimum extra munitiones processerat, cum Galli, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 6, 8:

vix erat hoc plane imperatum, cum illum... videres,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86:

vix ea fatus erat, geminae cum forte columbae... caelo venere volantes,

Verg. A. 6, 190; Ov. M. 1, 69.—

With et:

vix primos inopina quies laxaverat artus, Et superincumbens... liquidas projecit in undas Praecipitem,

Verg. A. 5, 857; so,

vix... et,

id. ib. 6, 498; Stat. Th. 5, 263; cf.:

vix... que,

Verg. A. 2, 692.—

With ellipsis of cum or et: vix proram attigerat, rumpit Saturnia funem, Verg. A. 10, 659; 8, 337:

vix bene desieram, rettulit illa mihi,

Ov. F. 5, 278; Phaedr. 4, 24, 28 sq.; so,

vix bene,

Ov. M. 2, 47.—

Strengthened by dum, and usually written in one word, vixdum, hardly then, scarcely yet:

Dolabella valde vituperabatur, quod tibi tam cito succederet, cum vixdum triginta dies in Syriā fuisses,

Cic. Fam. 12, 4, 2:

haec ego omnia vixdum etiam coetu nostro dimisso comperi,

id. Cat. 1, 4, 10:

(Hannibalem) vixdum puberem,

Liv. 21, 3, 2:

vixdum serio adnuere,

id. 39, 42, 12:

progressis vixdum quattuor milia passuum,

id. 44, 5, 1; 32, 28, 4; 10, 32, 7:

puer vixdum libertatem, nedum dominationem modice laturus,

id. 24, 4, 1:

vixdum dimidium dixeram: intellexerat,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 4:

vixdum epistulam tuam legeram, cum, etc.,

Cic. Att. 9, 2, A, 3.—So with et, Liv. 36, 12, 5; 43, 4, 10; Plin. Ep. 7, 33, 7.

[V]

IUVO (-ARE IUVI IUTUM)

JUVO (-ARE JUVI JUTUM)

ADIUVO (-ARE -IUVI -IUTUM)

ADJUVO (-ARE -JUVI -JUTUM)

AUXILIOR (-ARI -ATUS SUM)

SUCCURRO (-ERE -CURRI -CURSUM)

SUBVENIO (-IRE -VENI -VENTUM)

ASSERVIO (-IRE -IVI)

ADSERVIO (-IRE -IVI)

SUBLEVO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

ASSUM (ADESSE AFFUI)

ADSUM (ADESSE ADFUI)

ASTO (-ARE -STITI)

ADSTO (-ARE -STITI)

MINISTRO (-ARE -AVI -ATUM)

PROFICIO (-ERE -FECI -FECTUM)

INTERSUM (-ESSE -FUI)

AMMINISTRO (-ARE -AVI -ATUS)

AUXILIO (-ARE -AVI -ATUS)

[V]

PATROCINOR (-ARI -ATUS SUM)

FAVEO (-ERE FAVI FAUTUM)

STUDEO (-ERE -UI)

CUSTODIO (-IRE -IVI -ITUM)

CONCUSTODIO (-IRE -IVI -ITUM)

ADSUM (ADESSE ADFUI)

ASSUM (ADESSE AFFUI)